Chemistry

Biotechnology is defined as the application of the life sciences to chemical synthesis.

water, a substance composed of the chemical elements hydrogen and oxygen and existing in gaseous, liquid, and solid states. It is one of the most plentiful and essential of compounds. A tasteless and odourless liquid at room temperature, it has the important ability to dissolve many other substances.

As an artifact of the digital generation, today’s computer models reconstruct chemical processes by merging principals of classical & quantum physics. Computational Chemistry Laboratory, allows the computational chemist to perform a comprehensive series of molecular indices/properties calculations and data analysis. Supercomputers are used by Computational chemists to find solutions to problems & to generate simulations that reduce enormous amounts of data which is otherwise time consuming. Other important instruments include electronic structure methods, quantitative structure–activity relationships, cheminformatics, full statistical analysis & molecular dynamics simulations. To integrate chemical theory and modelling with experimental observations computational chemists use large databases, mathematical algorithms & statistics. The discipline which influences numerous areas of technology is Chemical engineering. Chemical engineers have opportunities in pharmaceuticals, environmental engineering, electronic device fabrication and biotechnology. The role is to design processes to produce, transform and transport chemicals through full-scale production. When processes involve the chemical or physical transformation of matter, chemical engineers are essential

• Cheminformatics
• Combinatorial Chemistry
• Computational Methods
• Computational Accuracy
• Molecular mechanics
• Chemical dynamics
• Theoretical chemistry
• Interpreting molecular wave functions

The branch of Petro chemistry is among the six core industries in the world and plays a major role in influencing decision making for all the other important sections of the economy. Petroleum focuses on how crude oil and natural gas are transformed into raw materials and other useful products. It is the primary material for a multitude of chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, plastics, dyes, surfactants, fuels, and many others. Therefore many nations consider petroleum as an integral part of other industries & holds critical importance. Even though the trend towards Renewable and Alternative energy is building, it is still considered the global powerhouse. The petrochemical sector has embraced the sustainability challenge and has made substantial increases in production efficiency while steadily decreasing its energy input. A significant amount is contributed to the national GDP by Petro chemistry

• Catalysis
• Chemical Applications in Producing Oil and Gas
• Chemical Reaction Engineering and its Applications
• Coal and Natural Gas
• Enhanced Oil & Gas Recovery
• Entrepreneurs Investment Meet
• Gas Supply & Gas Technology

The fields of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry explore chemical and geochemical processes in the oceans, the solid earth, and the atmosphere.

Areas of advanced study and research include:

• Atmosphere-ocean chemistry feedbacks
• Physical and inorganic chemistry of seawater
• Ocean circulation and mixing based on chemical and isotopic tracers
• Marine organic and natural products chemistry
• Marine bioinorganic chemistry
• Geochemical interactions of sediments with seawater and interstitial waters
• Geochemistries of volcanic and geothermal phenomena
• Biogeochemical cycles of carbon, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, iron and other elements
• Isotopic geochemistry of the solid earth and meteorites
• Atmospheric trace gas chemistry
• The ocean's and earth's geochemical history recorded in polar ice cores, corals and sediments
• The chemistry of lakes and other freshwater systems
• The impacts of anthropogenic activities on geochemical cycle

The discipline that takes care of the important role in expanding the nation’s food supply is agricultural and food chemistry. Basic research or applied research and development are the two categories that shape this department. The one which understands the biological and chemical processes by which crops and livestock grow is Basic research. Applied research uses the knowledge gained from basic research to discover ways to improve the quality, quantity, and safety of agricultural products. Be it crop and animal production, food safety, quality, nutrition, processing, packaging, and utilization of materials, agricultural and food chemists delve into all aspects that help their common goal to produce sufficient nutritious food and feed to support the population in a sustainable way while being responsible towards our environment and ecosystem

• Fertilizers and chemicals
• Food packaging & preservation
• Food quality, integrity, and safety
• Food science & technology
• Chemical reactions in food
• Methodologies and applications in food analysis
• Plant protection and fertilization
• Plant & animal bio technology
• Risk/benefits evaluation of food components

The emerging science of objects that are intermediate in size between a few nanometers to less than 100 nanometers that can be fabricated by current photolithography is Nanoscience. Particularly, interesting classes of nanostructures in chemistry includes colloids, polymer molecules, Bucky tubes, silicon Nano rods, compound semiconductor quantum dots and micelles. Chemists not so soon ago realized that chemistry is already playing a leading role in nanotechnology and that, it is the ultimate nanotechnology. New forms of matter are made by chemical synthesis with remarkable economy and safety, by joining atoms and groups of atoms together with bonds. Although Nano electronics gained initial interest in nanotechnology, the first new and potentially commercial technologies to emerge from revolutionary nanoscience seem, in fact, to be in materials science, produced from chemical processes. The invention and development of materials whose properties depend on nanoscale structure was contributed by Chemistry. Ultimately Chemistry and chemical engineering will be important in producing materials productively, economically, and in quantity

• Bio-medical application of magnetic nanoparticles
• Computational nanotechnology
• Graphene and Fluor graphene
• Molecular nanotechnology
• Nano bio materials
• Nano crystals and Clusters
• Nano electronics
• Nano materials
• Nano particles
• Nano particles and quantum dots
• Nano structured Materials
• Nanotechnology other applications
• Quantum dot Imaging

There is a major interest in areas like aquatic photochemistry, atmospheric particles, reactive surfaces, analytical methods, renewable feedstocks, development of new green chemistry curricula and outreach materials. Many Environment Institutes work closely to discover solutions to Earth's most pressing environmental problems by conducting transformative research. Chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous substances are designed, having the goal to eliminate pollution and to enhance efficiency, to save resources and energy, and to achieve sustainable development of chemistry and the chemical industry

• Reactive Surfaces
• Analytical methods
• Hazardous substances
• Aquatic photochemistry
• Chemical industry
• Pollution
• Renewable feedstocks
• Atmospheric Particles
• Sustainable technologies

The study of the synthesis, characterization and properties of polymer molecules or macromolecules is the sub-discipline of chemistry called Polymer chemistry. Other sub-disciplines of chemistry like analytical chemistry, organic chemistry and physical chemistry have the same principles and methods used for polymer chemistry. Polymer science or nanotechnology can be included as the broader fields of Polymer chemistry. According to their origin, polymers can be subdivided into biopolymers and synthetic polymers. The structural and functional materials that comprise most of the organic matter in organisms are Biopolymers. The structural materials shown in plastics, synthetic fibers, mechanical parts, paints, building materials, furniture, and adhesives are Synthetic polymers. They can be further divided into thermoplastic polymers and thermoset plastics. Almost all synthetic polymers are derived from petrochemicals

• Nano polymers and Nanotechnology
• Polymer Design and Reaction
• Supramolecular Polymers
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Biopolymers and Biomaterials
• Catalysts for Polymerization
• Functional Polymers and its Applications
• Polymer Physics and Characterizations
• Diffusion in Polymers
• Polymer Engineering and Technology
• Recent Developments in Polymer Synthesis
• Structure and Dynamics in Polymer Colloids

Electrochemical methods are widely used in various branches of industry be it, the practical importance of electrochemical processes, role of the processes in living organisms, and the unique features of their experimental study have led to the formation of electrochemistry as an individualistic scientific discipline.  The biological processes related to the functioning of biological membranes such as the detection of the visual image, the transmission of the nervous impulse and the assimilation and use of food energy are impossible without electrochemical links

• Sensors
• Nuclear Physics
• Electric and Magnetic Field Effects
• Electrochemical Engineering
• Industrial Electrochemistry
• Interfacial Electrochemistry
• Bio-electro chemistry
• Ecological Electrochemistry
• Metallurgical Electrochemistry
• Semiconductor Electrochemistry
• Nuclear Safety and Security
• Titrimetric Methods

The sub-field of Chemistry,  that deals with radioactivity, nuclear process and properties, is Nuclear Chemistry. The behavior of objects and materials after being placed into a nuclear waste storage or disposal site is the most important area in Nuclear Chemistry. Nuclear Chemistry is applicable in the use of radioactive tracers within industry, radiotherapy in medical applications, science and the environment and the use of radiation to modify materials such as polymers.

• Nuclear Chain Reactions
• Nuclear Engineering
• Nuclear Fuel cycle
• Nuclear Fusion and Fission
• Nuclear Medicine
• Nuclear Physics
• Nuclear Safety and Security
• Titrimetric Methods

Medicinal compounds are organic in nature and are classified into small organic molecules and biologics. In many cases Inorganic and organometallic compounds are also useful as drugs. The most common practice of medicinal chemistry, is aiming to discover and develop new therapeutic agents by involving synthetic organic chemistry and computational chemistry in a close knit combination with chemical biology, enzymology and structural biology. The interdisciplinary team-work at the interface between chemistry, biology and medicine is required for drug research. The discipline of medicinal chemistry is both science and an art. The former offers humankind its best hopes for improving the living quality and the latter still challenges its researchers with the need for both intuition and experience to discover new drugs

• Chemical biology
• Chemical synthesis
• Chemogenomics
• Enzymology
• Pathobiochemistry
• Pharmaceutical agents
• Structural biology
• Synthetic chemistry
• Synthetic organic chemistry
• Therapeutic agents
• Toxicology

The analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions is Mass Spectroscopy. Mass spectrometry used in the clinical laboratory focused on drugs of abuse confirmations, new-born screening, and steroid analysis. Almost all areas of laboratory medicine, is depended on mass spectrometry. Another laboratory technique used for separation if a mixture is Chromatography. Large amount of pure chemicals used to make medicines are prepared using chromatography advances in biochemistry

• Nature of the Interaction
• Type of Radiative Energy
• Type of Material
• Crystals

Advanced Physical Chemistry topics consist of different spectroscopic methods ranging from ultrafast and mass spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic and electron paramagnetic resonance, x-ray absorption and atomic force microscopy, also theoretical and computational tools. The gap between the theories and techniques of modern-day physics and chemical systems is filled by Physical chemistry. Physical and theoretical chemists work to unravel the phenomena that govern all aspects of the physical world by using advanced characterization and computational methods. Advanced characterization techniques is applied to a diverse range of topics – energy storage materials for electric vehicles, biologically relevant proteins to understand degenerative diseases, photo-induced molecular transformations and complex surface properties by Physical chemists. As to improve our understanding of all aspects of chemistry, right down to the nature of chemical bonding, Theoretical chemists work to establish quantum mechanical methods.

• Homogeneous
• Heterogeneous catalysis
• Chemical Kinetics
• Chemical thermodynamics
• Petroleum chemistry
• Solid-state chemistry
• Statistical Mechanics
• Quantum Mechanics in Chemistry
• Surface science

Inorganic chemistry covers crystallography, atomic  structure, electrochemistry, ceramics, chemical bonding, coordination of compounds and acid-base reactions. It is found that inorganic chemistry is the only discipline within chemistry that examines specifically the differences among all the different kinds of atoms. This characteristic of inorganic chemistry is applied in Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry which studies the significant and non-significant elements which can be used in the treatment and diagnosis of diseases

• Bioinorganic chemistry
• Coordination & organometallics chemistry
• Crystallography
• Human Nutrition
• Hydrogenation
• Ligand field theory
• Mechanistic inorganic chemistry
• Stereochemistry
• Supramolecular system chemistry
• Synthetic inorganic chemistry

In Organic Chemistry discipline, the scientific study is concentrated towards carbon compounds and other carbon-based compounds such as hydrocarbons and their derivatives. The rapidly growing scientific discipline that combines organic chemistry and biochemistry is bioorganic chemistry. The scientific study of the composition, structure, properties, preparation and the reactions involved comprises organic or inorganic chemistry. Organic chemistry is said to tackle stereochemistry, isomerization, photochemistry, hydrogenation, polymerization, and fermentation

• Organometallic compounds
• Photochemistry and pericyclic reactions
• Aromatic compounds: reactions and synthesis
• Chemical ecology of medicinal plants
• Retrosynthetic analysis
• Flow chemistry
• Fullerenes
• Heterocyclic chemistry
• Microwave synthesis
• Stereochemistry

The study of neurochemicals that are generated by and that modulate the nervous system is Neurochemistry. The multidisciplinary science that is concerned with the study of the structure and function of the nervous system is Neuroscience. Oxytocin, serotonin, dopamine and other neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter-regulating substances are the Neurochemicals. It refers to the chemical processes that occur in the brain and nervous system. It is the chemistry that occurs in the human brain and the nerve cell, helps humans in communicating signals. The flourishing academic field that contributes to our understanding of molecular, cellular and medical neurobiology is Neurochemistry. It deals with the role of chemicals that build the nervous system, it explores the function of neurons and glial cells in health and disease, it reveals how degenerative processes are at work in the nervous system and it discovers aspects of cell metabolism and neurotransmission

• Signal Transduction
• Synaptic Plasticity
• Molecular Neuroscience
• Neuromodulation
• Chemical Neurobiology
• Gene Regulation and Genetics
• Immuno neurochemistry
• Key Aspects of Neurochemistry
• Molecular Neurobiology
• Neuroinflammation
• Neuroimmunology
• Neuropharmaceuticals
• Nursing Skills 

An important aspect of drug designing is to understand the principal component in the natural product that is having the therapeutic benefit. The important role that medicinal chemistry plays is in developing a drug with therapeutic benefits. The process of traditionally modifying a chemical molecule which has therapeutic value, to intervene a disease is done by Medicinal chemistry. Identification of a chemical molecule of potential, altering its chemical structure, synthesizing the organic molecule in the laboratory, and testing of its properties and biological activities are all included in the process. The market of pharmaceutical industry is driven by Medicinal chemistry. At present, the primary aim of drug designing is to design a drug for a known target and develop a molecule by completely understanding the active principle with therapeutic potential, which is then approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This process of designing a new molecule to the established target is done using Computer Assisted Drug Designing (CADD)

• Drug design
• Drug research
• Drug activity
• Pharmacogenomics

The discipline that focuses on the mechanisms by which cells process, integrate, and act on information to create and propagate living organisms is Molecular Biology and Biochemistry. Chemical Biology deals with chemistry applied to biology. It concentrates in particular disciplines such as cell biology, genetics, epigenetics, genomics, molecular biology, biochemistry, biophysics, structural biology, and computational modelling. Both are fields that bring biologists and chemists together due to concern for the life and composition of the cells. The primary concerns of the biochemist are about the vast and complex array of chemical reactions occurring in living matter and the chemical composition of the cell

• Advances in biochemistry
• Biochemical cycles
• Plant and animal biochemistry
• Electron transport
• Enzymes
• Food chemistry
• Medicinal biochemistry
• Metabolism of bio-molecules
• Biochemical energy
• Carbohydrates
• Molecular biology
• Nucleic acids & Proteins
• Structural and molecular biochemistry

The area of clinical pathology, that is concerned with analysis of urine, blood (whole blood, serum, plasma), body fluids for screening, diagnosis and monitoring of different diseases. Clinical tests are taken to identify the changes when compared to the biological reference interval of human beings. A wide range of techniques like chemiluminescence, Immunoassays, radioimmunoassay, Biochemical methods like colorimetry, enzymatic reactions, spectrophotometry, nephelometry, electrophoresis, enzyme linked flourescence, Analytical chemistry methods like high performance liquid chromatography, atomic absorption, mass spectrometry, infrared spectrometry, etc are used by Clinical pathologists and biochemists to detect and control diseases. Specialists in Forensic chemistry identify materials in a crime scene through a wide array of methods and using instruments such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, high-performance liquid chromatography and atomic absorption spectroscopy. To preserve evidence and to determine which destructive methods will produce the best results, Forensic chemists prefer using nondestructive methods first. A set of standards are followed by Forensic chemists that have been proposed by various agencies and governing bodies, including the Scientific Working Group on the Analysis of Seized Drugs. Forensic chemists routinely check and verify their instruments, to ensure the accuracy of what they are reporting.

• Analysis of Seized Drugs
• Analytical chemistry method
• Atomic absorption spectroscopy
• Ballistics analysis
• Biochemical method
• Clinical pathology
• Clinical tests
• Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
• Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry
• High performance liquid chromatography
• Immunoassays
• Pharmacology, Serology & Toxicology
• Thin layer chromatography

The discipline that focuses on the quality aspects of medicines and aims to assure fitness for purpose of medicinal products is Pharmaceutical chemistry. It is the study of drugs, and also involves its development in various stages such as drug discovery, delivery, absorption, metabolism, and more. Pharmaceutical chemistry usually has its work in a lab which has elements of medical analysis, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. The development of this field will enable us to contribute to life-saving remedies and enhance the speed of delivery of new medications. The other branches of study that are important for understanding the effects that drugs have on the body are pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and drug metabolism

• Design of Safer Chemicals and Products
• Medicinal Radio compounds
• Modelling and designing

Industrial Chemistry is the branch of chemistry which applies physical and chemical processes of conversion of raw materials into products that are of beneficial for mankind. Industrial chemistry is the manufacturing art of the transformation of matter into useful materials.

• Industrial chemicals production
• Chemical Engineering
• Agrochemicals
• Chemistry in Cosmetics and Textiles
• Fertilizers, cement, ceramic, glass and paints
• Fuels & combustion
• Water technology
• Industrial polymers, metals and composites chemistry
• Industrial processes, catalysis, white bio technology
• Membrane technology
• Petrochemicals
• Sustainable chemical processes
• Trace Analysis of Petrochemicals